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Straw-bale construction is a building method that uses bales of straw (commonly wheat, rice, rye and oats straw) as structural elements, building insulation, or both. This construction method is commonly used in natural building or "brown" construction projects. Research has shown that straw-bale construction is a sustainable method for building, from the standpoint of both materials and energy needed for heating and cooling.〔Milutiene, Edita, et al. "increase in Buildings Sustainability Using Renewable materials and Energy." Clean Technologies & Environmental policy 14.6 (2012): 1075-84.Print.〕 Advantages of straw-bale construction over conventional building systems include the renewable nature of straw, cost, easy availability, naturally fire-retardant and high insulation value.〔Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation. ("Energy Use In Straw Bale Houses" ). Retrieved on 4 September 2008.〕 Disadvantages include susceptibility to rot, difficulty of obtaining insurance coverage, and high space requirements for the straw itself. Research has been done using moisture probes placed within the straw wall in which 7 of 8 locations had moisture contents of less than 20%. This is a moisture level that does not aid in the breakdown of the straw.〔Goodhew, Steve, Richard Griffiths, and Tom Woolley. "An Investigation of the Moisture Content in the Walls of a Straw-Bale Building." Building and Environment39.12 (2004): 1443-51. Print.〕 However, proper construction of the straw-bale wall is important in keeping moisture levels down, just as in the construction of any type of building. ==History== Straw houses have been built on the African plains since the Paleolithic Era. Straw bales were used in construction 400 years ago in Germany; and straw-thatched roofs have long been used in northern Europe and Asia. In the New World, teepees were insulated in winter with loose straw between the inner lining and outer cover.〔Marks, Leanne R. (2005). ("Straw Bale as a Viable, Cost Effective, and Sustainable Building Material for use in Southeast Ohio". ) Master's thesis, Ohio University. Retrieved 2010-08-10.〕 Straw-bale construction was greatly facilitated by the mechanical hay baler, which was invented in the 1850s and was widespread by the 1890s.〔 It proved particularly useful in the Nebraska Sandhills. Pioneers seeking land under the 1862 Homestead Act and the 1904 Kinkaid Act found a dearth of trees over much of Nebraska. In many parts of the state, the soil was suitable for dugouts and sod houses.〔(Nebraska Historic Buildings Survey: Custer County ) (Nebraska State Historical Society. ) Retrieved 2010-08-29.〕 However, in the Sandhills, the soil generally made poor construction sod;〔Spencer, Janet Jeffries and D. Murphy (1979). ("National Register of Historic Places Inventory–Nomination Form: Pilgrim Holiness Church" ) (Nebraska State Historical Society. ) Retrieved 2010-08-10.〕 in the few places where suitable sod could be found, it was more valuable for agriculture than as a building material.〔Hammett, Jerilou and Kingsley (1998). ("The Strawbale Search". ) ''DESIGNER/builder'' magazine, August 1998. Article reproduced at ("The Last Straw" ) website. Retrieved 2010-08-10.〕 Straw is a large "waste" product from the agricultural industry, which should be fully utilized as a sustainable building material.〔Smil, Vaclav. "Crop Residues: Agriculture's Largest Harvest." Bioscience 49.4 (1999): 299-308. Print.〕 The first documented use of hay bales in construction in Nebraska was a schoolhouse built in 1896 or 1897. Unfenced and unprotected by stucco or plaster, it was reported in 1902 as having been eaten by cows. To combat this, builders began plastering their bale structures; if cement or lime stucco was unavailable, locally obtained "gumbo mud" was employed.〔 Between 1896 and 1945, an estimated 70 straw-bale buildings, including houses, farm buildings, churches, schools, offices, and grocery stores had been built in the Sandhills.〔 In 1990, nine surviving bale buildings were reported in Arthur and Logan Counties,〔Kay, John, David Anthone, Robert Kay, and Christina Hugly (1990). ("Nebraska Historic Buildings Survey, Reconnaissance Survey Final Report of Arthur County, Nebraska." ) (Nebraska State Historical Society. ) Retrieved 2010-08-29.〕 including the 1928 Pilgrim Holiness Church in the village of Arthur, which is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.〔 Since the 1990s straw-bale construction has been substantially revived, particularly in North America, Europe, and Australia. However, Straw-bale construction does encounter issues regarding building codes depending on the location building.〔Kathryn Henderson Science, Technology, & Human Values , Vol. 31, No. 3, Ethics and Engineering Design (May, 2006), pp. 261-288〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Straw-bale construction」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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